One of the most important institutions and the special gift of divine religions including Islam is CHARITY institution. CHARITY may overcome many social problems like poverty and disarray of the income and expenditure. This research is intended to investigate the factors influencing CHARITY and the CHARITY FUNCTION behavior according to the teachings of Islam and to estimate empirically CHARITY FUNCTION in Iran. Regarding theoretical and empirical studies on religious expenditure and Islamic taxes; and considering Islamic rules and statistical limitations, the selected explanatory variables are income, wealth, age of householder and religious capital. The CHARITY FUNCTION is estimated using a panel data consisting of provincial data during the years 2000-2007. The estimation of an exponential CHARITY FUNCTION shows that CHARITY is an increasing FUNCTION of provincial per capita income, wealth and religious capital. Using direct data on CHARITY and entering religious capital and wealth as effective factors on CHARITY are of innovations of the paper which differentiates current research from the other studies.

IntroductionCHARITY studies are not limited to some specific academic disciplines, and their boundaries are hard to determine. How should we understand the area? Thinking about the CHARITY ecosystem is a way to get a clearer view of it. Here, I aim to propose a tentative classification of the six main players of the CHARITY ecosystem, illustrating how each faces different kinds of questions and challenges.This will help to broaden our understanding of CHARITY studies. Furthermore, with this broader conception at hand, we can evaluate the current state of research in this area and the kind of questions in need of further attention. For one, I wish to explain how a main part of CHARITY studies involves normative questions, relevant to moral philosophy broadly understood, and that there is no way to get around such issues. This is crucial since, without a clear understanding of these normative aspects and acknowledging their role, the hope for being “evidence-based” and “scientific” may lead to leaving major assumptions unexamined, which would turn out to be problematic after further assessment.Six Players of the CHARITY EcosystemThe six players in the CHARITY ecosystem are as follows:Agents: individuals who do, say, volunteer work or donate to charities.Patients: those who are targeted to provide help, either by individuals or organizations.Organizations: generally, the familiar kind of charities we know. However, there can be various kinds of CHARITY organizations.Researchers: those who can help both individual agents and organizations in answering questions relevant to CHARITY.Activists: the role of connecting different players of the ecosystem, which is usually played by agents, researchers, and else.Policy-makers: those who play main roles in regulations, which can (and should) be done collectively, not in a top-down fashion.For example, consider the question of wellbeing (see Heathwood, 2021). If the goal of charities is to improve the lives of the patients of CHARITY (or improve their lives to make things better in general), the nature of wellbeing hugely influences the decisions of many players. Or, when thinking about the ways organizations can advertise and connect with their audience, it matters which ways are effective and defensible more generally (Broom, 2016; Thaler & Sunstein, 2021).Two points are due. First, in this framework, I do not determine the way these players should interact, because that would require a specific position. However, here I wish to propose a rather neutral framework. Plus, I cannot determine how these players do interact, because that is a question to be studied in different societies and focused on different kinds of charities. Second, this framework illustrates how the CHARITY ecosystem is broader than it might at first appear. For example, much conventional research in academia can be considered relevant to CHARITY since it can benefit some players in the ecosystem. Relevantly, what counts as “CHARITY” is not (merely) a matter of intentions of people involved or (necessarily) being non-profit.The Case of Effective AltruismEffective Altruism (EA) is an interesting case as it provides a rather simple, straightforward approach to CHARITY in general and potentially answers questions faced by different players of the ecosystem (for a review, see: Chappell, 2024). A main feature of EA is its roots in moral philosophy, especially work by Peter Singer (1972; 2015). Yet, the simplicity of the approach may turn out to be both its strength and weakness. For example, consider the issue of (im)partiality and its implications in CHARITY (for introductory remarks, see: Shafer-Landau, 2019, Ch. 5). Be that as it may, it helps to see the kind of answer required in each case.Some main positions of EA are as follows. First, with regard to patients of the CHARITY, there are two targets that are neglected by many approaches by are central to EA: non-human animals and future generations. The latter leads to the recent version of the view which emphasizes long-termism (McAskill, 2022).Second, about organizations, EA takes it to be essential for CHARITY organizations to be effective. This is to be understood both morally (in choosing targets) and operatively (in using resources). Therefore, EA doesn’t take it to be essential for CHARITY organizations to be run by volunteers, as doing volunteer work may not be the most effective way of doing good for agents.Concluding RemarksAs noted, rather than defending a specific view about CHARITY, I wish to propose and illustrate a framework in which we can formulate different questions and debates about what CHARITY is and how it should work. Without getting into evaluation, I also used the case of EA to illustrate some examples of the kind of answers needed concerning different questions. Now, here are the three concluding remarks.First, the domain of CHARITY studies must be seen as broader than what it may appear at first. Thinking of “CHARITY” merely as “non-profit” is neither accurate in theory nor helpful in practice. The broader conception helps the ecosystem and increases its resources.Second, the normative aspects of CHARITY studies are essential, as many questions faced by the players of this ecosystem are normative at some level. Although many questions in CHARITY studies need research in social and natural sciences, without independent philosophical (and specifically ethical) inquiries we cannot have a clear understanding of the problems and possible ways to solve them. Those who tend to ignore the normative aspects have no way but to merely presuppose some unexamined views. This would be on shaky grounds, where the stakes are high.Third, one lesson to be learned from all this, which is the result of the two previous remarks, is that all CHARITY ecosystems need second-order charities. First-order charities are the ones who are in touch with the patients, provide them with good, or save them from harm. In contrast, second-order charities are directly working with other players than patients themselves. These are not charities of the standard form but are to evaluate the current state of the ecosystem, support CHARITY studies, provide advice for agents, and give consultation to first-order charities.

Purpose: The Holy Quran and Islamic traditions have presented various ethical strategies in order to maintain and promote the health of belief. One of the moral strategies in Islam is the doctrine of CHARITY. In the present study, the role of CHARITY in promoting health was studied according to Quranic and narrative teachings. Materials and methods: The present research is a descriptive-analytical research and in terms of data collection method, it is a library research. After selecting verses and narrations as well as the views of commentators and commentators on verses and oneness related to CHARITY and health, data analysis was performed using research questions. Results: the survey of the texts shows that the doctrine of CHARITY has an effect on human health due to its various semantic components. First, faith in God and also the current goodness in CHARITY as its components can lead to spiritual health. Secondly, in this study, referring to the place of CHARITY in creating social participation, social popularity and poverty alleviation in society, the role of CHARITY in human social health was emphasized. In addition, resilience to suffering, relief from spiritual illness, and solace through prayer in CHARITY were identified as FUNCTIONs of almsgiving in promoting mental health. Conclusion: Given the emphasis of religious texts on the impact of CHARITY in physical, psychological, spiritual and social dimensions, it seems that the attention of health policymakers to the Quranic teachings of CHARITY in order to promote community-based health is useful and necessary.

NGOs can benefit from crowd funding to achieve their prospects, since they are independent from government resources. The ever-increasing advances in Internet technologies and human interest in using social media is the main strengths to be considered. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors affecting the FUNCTION of social media on the success of crowd funding of CHARITY institutions, which is performed based on the grounded theory. In this regard, due to the lack of literature, the results of annual reports from countries and research centers and the experiences of CHARITY financial managers have been studied and by reviewing articles line by line, content analysis coding has been done. The components have been sorted in 8 categories, validated and then shown in paradigmatic model and hypotheses were launched. The results show that the existence of a coherent financing strategy, efficient media management, and the credibility of fund are the reasons for the successful establishment of the project in the field of information technology and the proper use of the media, and the media advertising and communication with the funders provide a structural context for growth. This causes that the content be understood and needed budget be successfully funded.

Historical evidence from the early days of Islam and the narrations of the Epoch of Appearance indicate the possibility of a balance between supply and demand for Takaful funds and also the possibility of a surplus supply as a desirable situation. On the contrary, a study of the current situation in the country shows that there is an imbalance and a surplus of demand for these funds. The question of this research, which is examined through descriptive-analytic method and the use of library resources, is to investigate how to modify and improve the existing situation and to introduce strategies for achieving the desired one. The results of the analysis of Quranic and Hadith teachings and meta-analysis of existing survey studies indicate strategies such as: “ Quranic CHARITY discourse” , “ CHARITY development” , “ improving the quality of charitable funds allocation” , and “ improving the quality of charitable donations” to promote CHARITY in the country. To realize each of these strategies, partial and operational tactics such as professionalizing the CHARITY part, enabling charitable funds to be managed, and expanding advertising and incentives can be offered.

IntroductionInternet businesses have now expanded significantly worldwide. One of the important fields in which Internet businesses are used is CHARITY. Internet businesses of charitable institutions are one of the new topics that have been raised in the field of CHARITY governance. The current research was conducted to design the Internet business model of charitable institutions in the country. The Internet business model allows charitable organizations to have information about the organization, financial aid opportunities, and resources available at all hours of the day and night, and the audience can access the organization anywhere in the world. Also, internet platforms reduce the overhead costs associated with the traditional method of fundraising or face-to-face events, increase speed, and thus increase efficiency. Also, they will improve communication and interactions and be transparent and reliable about reporting. Research Methodology​In line with the purpose of this research, first, the theoretical basis of the field of business models and Internet business models as well as charitable institutions were studied and investigated. The methodology of the current research is qualitative and exploratory, and the thematic analysis method was used to analyze the data. To answer the main question, first, semi-structured interviews were conducted with CHARITY internet business owners, then the interviews were analyzed using the thematic analysis method. In this research, the components of the canvas model were used as the basis of the work due to their comprehensiveness and frequency of application in the field of practice, and the interview framework was set based on it. The qualitative research approach has been conducted with a fundamental orientation and inductive logic using the thematic analysis method.Research FindingsThe network of themes was extracted from the interviews with 353 basic themes, 51 organizing themes, and 10 overarching themes including value proposition, main activity, main resources, key partners, customers, relationships with customers, distribution channels, costs and income streams, and environment. Amending the upstream laws related to charities to facilitate the expansion of internet charities in the country, the need to design the headquarters and institution of the upstream Supreme Council for the management of charities and internet businesses, improving the access of internet businesses to the virtual space, and considering suitable facilities for them were among the most important measures that should be placed on the agenda of policymakers to expand the online business of charities. The final model of the research is in Figure 1.Figure 1 - The final research model Discussion and ConclusionThe current research was done in response to the main question, that is what is the model of internet business in CHARITY organizations? This research was carried out with semi-structured interviews with experts in this field. After that, using theme analysis, all the interviews were reviewed and their themes were extracted, which include 353 basic themes, 51 organizing themes, and 10 overarching themes. The Internet business model of charities was obtained based on the nine-component model of the well-known business including value proposition, main activity, main resources, key partners, customers, relationships with customers, distribution channels, costs and income streams. Also, the environmental component and environmental restrictions were added as one of the new dimensions to the business model of charities. In each of these components, explanations were provided according to the obtained themes, and the organizing themes were briefly described in each one.After examining the background of the research, it was found that the present article is different from previous studies. The difference is in creating a new framework for fundraising in charitable organizations on the World Wide Web (Internet). This is the main innovation of the current research and makes the current article uniquely different from previous research. This new framework allows charities to fundraise more effectively and efficiently. Unlike previous research that focused more on traditional and non-online methods, the current research has investigated and analyzed in the global network space and presented a comprehensive and innovative model for CHARITY activities in the global network. This model can be used as a practical guide for charitable organizations and help to improve their performance and increase their productivity. 

Participation in CHARITY is one of the moral mechanisms for eradicating economic poverty, and the philosophical debate about it has risen since the 1970s. In this paper, two important philosophical arguments have been formulated and researched by Singer and Spoerl about duty or beyond duty and why and how to participate in charitable affairs. Singer believes that people who are morally obligated are obliged to give their possessions to those in need unless this assistance requires the deprivation of things that are morally comparable to the needs and problems of those in need. Spoerl, along with all the critics, clearly sees this as a rigid condition, and instead believes that people with morals are obliged to give their possessions to the needy, but only after they have met the necessities of life. There is also a serious disagreement between Singer and Spoerl about the definition of the necessities of life, and Spoerl derives a broad definition of it that includes artistic, intellectual, and social values. Singer also does not specify the source of CHARITY, but Spoerl, by separating surplus income from surplus wealth, believes that we simply have a duty to give our surplus income to the needy. Based on the findings of the paper, the lack of prioritization of the needy and its non-separation from the prioritization of needs is evident to some extent in both perspectives, especially Singer's perspective.

Nowadays, non-governmental organizations, such as charities and citizen-based organizations, are operating in all countries with different purposes and forms, and a large portion of their employee workforce consists of volunteers. Therefore, human resource management and concerns about the retention of human resources in these organizations are different from other organizations, such as government agencies. The purpose of this qualitative study is to identify the effective factors in the retention of intergenerational volunteers in CHARITY organizations in Shiraz. After interviewing 10 young and 10 middleaged volunteers of 9 CHARITY organizations in Shiraz, selected by the judgmental sampling method, theoretical saturation in terms of sample size was obtained. In this study, the semistructured interview was used as a data collection tool, and data analysis was done by utilizing the theme analysis method. After reviewing and organizing interview transcriptions, the researcher identified the basic codes or concepts, and then similar codes were placed in special categories with a representing title. The identified data were classified and combined based on the degree of conceptual similarity, resulting in the extraction of 24 sub-themes and 5 main themes. The findings indicate that the main themes of motivation, human resource management, management and leadership, culture creation, and communication are effective factors in the retention of volunteers in both young and middle-aged generations, and the difference among these factors in the two generations was the amount of the importance of each of the main and sub-themes.